This paper deals with certain classes of modules under module-finite extensions. Let $\varphi : R\hookrightarrow S$ be a module-finite extension between commutative Noetherian local rings. We investigate the transfer of Artinian module structures and attached primes between $R$ and $S$. We clarify the behavior of local cohomology modules as well as certain structures of finitely generated $S$-modules under the restriction of scalars to $R$ via $\varphi$. We show that $R$ is a quotient of a Cohen-Macaulay local ring if and only if so is $S$. As an application, we characterize the structure of Nagata’s idealization. Using Macaulayfication of algebraic varieties and idealization, we give an example to illustrate the results.